Cycad on Wikipedia
The cycad fossil record dates to the early Permian, 280 mya (million years ago). There is controversy over older cycad fossils that date to the late Carboniferous period, 300–325 mya. One of the first colonizers of terrestrial habitats, this clade probably diversified extensively within its first few million years, although the extent to which it radiated is unknown because relatively few fossil specimens have been found. The regions to which cycads are restricted probably indicate their former distribution in the Pangea before the supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana separated (Hermsen et al. 2006). Recent studies have indicated that the common perception of existing cycad species as living fossils is largely misplaced, with only Bowenia dating to the Cretaceous or earlier. Although the cycad lineage itself is ancient, most extant species have evolved in the last 12 million years.[4]
The familyStangeriaceae (named for Dr. William Stanger, 1812(?)–1854), consisting of only three extantspecies, is thought to be of Gondwanan origin, as fossils have been found in Lower Cretaceous deposits in Argentina, dating to 70–135 mya. The family Zamiaceae is more diverse, with a fossil record extending from the middle Triassic to the Eocene (54–200 mya) in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica, implying that the family was present before the break-up of Pangea. The family Cycadaceae is thought to be an early offshoot from other cycads, with fossils from Eocene deposits (38–54 mya) in Japan and China, indicating that this family originated in Laurasia. Cycas is the only genus in the family and contains 99 species, the most of any cycad genus. Molecular data have recently shown that Cycas species in Australasia and the east coast of Africa are recent arrivals, suggesting adaptive radiation may have occurred. The current distribution of cycads may be due to radiations from a few ancestral types sequestered on Laurasia and Gondwana, or could be explained by genetic drift following the separation of already evolved genera. Both explanations account for the strict endemism across present continental lines.
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Family Cycadaceae
A. Stangeria
1. Stangeria eriopus (Natal Grass Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
B. Bowenia.
1. Bowenia serrulata (Byfield Fern)
Status: Least Concern
2. Bowenia spectabilis
Status: Least Concern
C. Dioon
1. Dioon angustifolium
Status: Vulnerable
2. Dioon argenteum
Status: Vulnerable
3. Dioon califanoi
Status: Endangered
4. Dioon caputoi (Palma Real (Royal Palm).)
Status: Endangered
5. Dioon edule
Status: Near Threatened
6. Dioon holmgrenii (Palma Del Sol (Sun Palm)
Status: Endangered
7. Dioon mejiae (Palma Teosinte)
Status: Least Concern
8. Dioon merolae
Status: Vulnerable
9. Dioon purpusii
Status: Vulnerable
10. Dioon rzedowskii
Status: Endangered
11. Dioon sonorense
Status: Endangered
12. Dioon spinulosum
Status: Endangered
13. Dioon tomasellii
Status: Vulnerable
D. Encephalartos
1. Encephalartos aemulans (Ngotshe Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
2. Encephalartos altensteinii (Eastern Cape Giant Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
3. Encephalartos aplanatus
Status: Vulnerable
4. Encephalartos arenarius (Alexandria Cycad)
Status: Endangered
5. Encephalartos barteri
Status: Vulnerable
6. Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (Escarpment Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
7. Encephalartos bubalinus (Lake Natron Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
8. Encephalartos caffer (Eastern Cape Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
9. Encephalartos cerinus (Waxen Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
10. Encephalartos chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Cycad)
Status: Endangered
11. Encephalartos concinnus (Runde Cycad)
Status: Endangered
12. Encephalartos cupidus (Blyde River Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
13. Encephalartos cycadifolius (Winterberg Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
14. Encephalartos delucanus
Status: Endangered
15. Encephalartos dolomiticus (Wolkberg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
16. Encephalartos dyerianus (Lowveld Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
17. Encephalartos equatorialis
Status: Critically Endangered
18. Encephalartos eugene-maraisii (Waterberg Cycad)
Status: Endangered
19. Encephalartos ferox (Tongaland Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
20. Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi (White-haired Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
21. Encephalartos ghellinckii (Drakensberg Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
22. Encephalartos gratus (Mulanje Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
23. Encephalartos heenanii (Heenan's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
24. Encephalartos hildebrandtii (Mombasa Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
25. Encephalartos hirsutus (Venda Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
26. Encephalartos horridus (Eastern Cape Blue Cycad)
Status: Endangered
27. Encephalartos humilis (Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
28. Encephalartos inopinus (Lydenburg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
29. Encephalartos ituriensis (Ituri Forest Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
30. Encephalartos kanga
Status: Critically Endangered
31. Encephalartos kisambo (Voi Cycad)
Status: Endangered
32. Encephalartos laevifolius (Kaapsehoop Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
33. Encephalartos lanatus (Olifants River Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
34. Encephalartos latifrons (Albany Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
35. Encephalartos laurentianus (Kwango Giant Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
36. Encephalartos lebomboensis (Lebombo Cycad)
Status: Endangered
37. Encephalartos lehmannii (Karoo Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
38. Encephalartos longifolius (Thunberg's Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
39. Encephalartos mackenziei
Status: Near Threatened
40. Encephalartos macrostrobilus
Status: Endangered
41. Encephalartos manikensis (Gorongowe Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
42. Encephalartos marunguensis (Marungu Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
43. Encephalartos middelburgensis (Middelburg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
44. Encephalartos msinganus (Msinga Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
45. Encephalartos munchii (Munch's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
46. Encephalartos natalensis (Natal Giant Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
47. Encephalartos ngoyanus (Ngoye Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
48. Encephalartos nubimontanus (Blue Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
49. Encephalartos paucidentatus (Barberton Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
50. Encephalartos poggei (Kananga Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
51. Encephalartos princeps (Kei Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
52. Encephalartos pterogonus (Toothed-cone Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
53. Encephalartos relictus
Status: Extinct in the Wild
54. Encephalartos schaijesii
Status: Vulnerable
55. Encephalartos schmitzii (Schmitz's Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
56. Encephalartos sclavoi (Sclavo's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
57. Encephalartos senticosus (Jozini Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
58. Encephalartos septentrionalis (Nile Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
59. Encephalartos tegulaneus
Status: Least Concern
60. Encephalartos transvenosus (Modjadji Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
61. Encephalartos trispinosus (Bushman's River Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
62. Encephalartos turneri (Turner's Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
63. Encephalartos umbeluziensis (Umbeluzi Cycad)
Status: Endangered
64. Encephalartos villosus (Poor Man's Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
65. Encephalartos whitelockii
Status: Critically Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)
66. Encephalartos woodii (Wood's Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
E. Macrozamia
1. Macrozamia cardiacensis
Status: Vulnerable
2. Macrozamia communis
Status: Least Concern
3. Macrozamia concinna (Nundle Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
4. Macrozamia conferta
Status: Vulnerable
5. Macrozamia cranei
Status: Endangered
6. Macrozamia crassifolia
Status: Vulnerable
7. Macrozamia diplomera
Status: Least Concern
8. Macrozamia douglasii
Status: Least Concern
9. Macrozamia dyeri
Status: Least Concern
10. Macrozamia elegans
Status: Endangered
11. Macrozamia fawcettii
Status: Near Threatened
12. Macrozamia fearnsidei
Status: Least Concern
13. Macrozamia flexuosa
Status: Endangered
14. Macrozamia fraseri
Status: Least Concern
15. Macrozamia glaucophylla
Status: Least Concern
16. Macrozamia heteromera
Status: Least Concern
17. Macrozamia humilis
Status: Vulnerable
18. Macrozamia johnsonii
Status: Least Concern
19. Macrozamia lomandroides
Status: Endangered
20. Macrozamia longispina
Status: Near Threatened
21. Macrozamia lucida
Status: Least Concern
22. Macrozamia macdonnellii
Status: Least Concern
23. Macrozamia machinii
Status: Vulnerable
24. Macrozamia macleayi
Status: Least Concern
25. Macrozamia miquelii
Status: Least Concern
26. Macrozamia montana
Status: Least Concern
27. Macrozamia moorei
Status: Near Threatened
28. Macrozamia mountperriensis
Status: Least Concern
29. Macrozamia occidua
Status: Vulnerable
30. Macrozamia parcifolia
Status: Vulnerable
31. Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi
Status: Endangered
32. Macrozamia platyrhachis
Status: Vulnerable
33. Macrozamia plurinervia
Status: Endangered
34. Macrozamia polymorpha
Status: Least Concern
35. Macrozamia reducta
Status: Least Concern
36. Macrozamia riedlei
Status: Least Concern
37. Macrozamia secunda
Status: Vulnerable
38. Macrozamia serpentina
Status: Near Threatened
39. Macrozamia spiralis
Status: Endangered
40. Macrozamia stenomera
Status: Near Threatened
41. Macrozamia viridis
Status: Endangered
F. Lepidozamia
1. Lepidozamia hopei
Status: Least Concern
2. Lepidozamia peroffskyana
Status: Least Concern
G. Ceratozamia
1. Ceratozamia alvarezii
Status: Endangered
2. Ceratozamia becerrae
Status: Endangered
3. Ceratozamia euryphyllidia
Status: Critically Endangered
4. Ceratozamia fuscoviridis
Status: Critically Endangered
5. Ceratozamia hildae (Bamboo Cycad)
Status: Endangered
6. Ceratozamia huastecorum
Status: Critically Endangered
7. Ceratozamia kuesteriana
Status: Critically Endangered
8. Ceratozamia latifolia
Status: Endangered
9. Ceratozamia matudai
Status: Endangered
10. Ceratozamia mexicana
Status: Vulnerable
11. Ceratozamia microstrobila
Status: Vulnerable
12. Ceratozamia miqueliana
Status: Critically Endangered
13. Ceratozamia mirandae
Status: Endangered
14. Ceratozamia mixeorum
Status: Endangered
15. Ceratozamia morettii
Status: Endangered
16. Ceratozamia norstogii
Status: Endangered
17. Ceratozamia robusta (Costilla De León)
Status: Endangered
18. Ceratozamia sabatoi
Status: Endangered
19. Ceratozamia vovidesii
Status: Vulnerable
20. Ceratozamia whitelockiana
Status: Endangered
21. Ceratozamia zaragozae
Status: Critically Endangered
22. Ceratozamia zoquorum
Status: Critically Endangered
H. Microcycas
1. Microcycas calocoma
Status: Critically Endangered
I. Chigua
1. Chigua bernalli
2. Chigua restrepoi
J. Zamia
1. .............................
The familyStangeriaceae (named for Dr. William Stanger, 1812(?)–1854), consisting of only three extantspecies, is thought to be of Gondwanan origin, as fossils have been found in Lower Cretaceous deposits in Argentina, dating to 70–135 mya. The family Zamiaceae is more diverse, with a fossil record extending from the middle Triassic to the Eocene (54–200 mya) in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica, implying that the family was present before the break-up of Pangea. The family Cycadaceae is thought to be an early offshoot from other cycads, with fossils from Eocene deposits (38–54 mya) in Japan and China, indicating that this family originated in Laurasia. Cycas is the only genus in the family and contains 99 species, the most of any cycad genus. Molecular data have recently shown that Cycas species in Australasia and the east coast of Africa are recent arrivals, suggesting adaptive radiation may have occurred. The current distribution of cycads may be due to radiations from a few ancestral types sequestered on Laurasia and Gondwana, or could be explained by genetic drift following the separation of already evolved genera. Both explanations account for the strict endemism across present continental lines.
==================================================================================
Family Cycadaceae
A. Stangeria
1. Stangeria eriopus (Natal Grass Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
B. Bowenia.
1. Bowenia serrulata (Byfield Fern)
Status: Least Concern
2. Bowenia spectabilis
Status: Least Concern
C. Dioon
1. Dioon angustifolium
Status: Vulnerable
2. Dioon argenteum
Status: Vulnerable
3. Dioon califanoi
Status: Endangered
4. Dioon caputoi (Palma Real (Royal Palm).)
Status: Endangered
5. Dioon edule
Status: Near Threatened
6. Dioon holmgrenii (Palma Del Sol (Sun Palm)
Status: Endangered
7. Dioon mejiae (Palma Teosinte)
Status: Least Concern
8. Dioon merolae
Status: Vulnerable
9. Dioon purpusii
Status: Vulnerable
10. Dioon rzedowskii
Status: Endangered
11. Dioon sonorense
Status: Endangered
12. Dioon spinulosum
Status: Endangered
13. Dioon tomasellii
Status: Vulnerable
D. Encephalartos
1. Encephalartos aemulans (Ngotshe Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
2. Encephalartos altensteinii (Eastern Cape Giant Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
3. Encephalartos aplanatus
Status: Vulnerable
4. Encephalartos arenarius (Alexandria Cycad)
Status: Endangered
5. Encephalartos barteri
Status: Vulnerable
6. Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (Escarpment Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
7. Encephalartos bubalinus (Lake Natron Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
8. Encephalartos caffer (Eastern Cape Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
9. Encephalartos cerinus (Waxen Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
10. Encephalartos chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Cycad)
Status: Endangered
11. Encephalartos concinnus (Runde Cycad)
Status: Endangered
12. Encephalartos cupidus (Blyde River Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
13. Encephalartos cycadifolius (Winterberg Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
14. Encephalartos delucanus
Status: Endangered
15. Encephalartos dolomiticus (Wolkberg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
16. Encephalartos dyerianus (Lowveld Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
17. Encephalartos equatorialis
Status: Critically Endangered
18. Encephalartos eugene-maraisii (Waterberg Cycad)
Status: Endangered
19. Encephalartos ferox (Tongaland Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
20. Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi (White-haired Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
21. Encephalartos ghellinckii (Drakensberg Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
22. Encephalartos gratus (Mulanje Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
23. Encephalartos heenanii (Heenan's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
24. Encephalartos hildebrandtii (Mombasa Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
25. Encephalartos hirsutus (Venda Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
26. Encephalartos horridus (Eastern Cape Blue Cycad)
Status: Endangered
27. Encephalartos humilis (Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
28. Encephalartos inopinus (Lydenburg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
29. Encephalartos ituriensis (Ituri Forest Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
30. Encephalartos kanga
Status: Critically Endangered
31. Encephalartos kisambo (Voi Cycad)
Status: Endangered
32. Encephalartos laevifolius (Kaapsehoop Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
33. Encephalartos lanatus (Olifants River Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
34. Encephalartos latifrons (Albany Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
35. Encephalartos laurentianus (Kwango Giant Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
36. Encephalartos lebomboensis (Lebombo Cycad)
Status: Endangered
37. Encephalartos lehmannii (Karoo Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
38. Encephalartos longifolius (Thunberg's Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
39. Encephalartos mackenziei
Status: Near Threatened
40. Encephalartos macrostrobilus
Status: Endangered
41. Encephalartos manikensis (Gorongowe Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
42. Encephalartos marunguensis (Marungu Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
43. Encephalartos middelburgensis (Middelburg Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
44. Encephalartos msinganus (Msinga Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
45. Encephalartos munchii (Munch's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
46. Encephalartos natalensis (Natal Giant Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
47. Encephalartos ngoyanus (Ngoye Dwarf Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
48. Encephalartos nubimontanus (Blue Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
49. Encephalartos paucidentatus (Barberton Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
50. Encephalartos poggei (Kananga Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
51. Encephalartos princeps (Kei Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
52. Encephalartos pterogonus (Toothed-cone Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
53. Encephalartos relictus
Status: Extinct in the Wild
54. Encephalartos schaijesii
Status: Vulnerable
55. Encephalartos schmitzii (Schmitz's Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
56. Encephalartos sclavoi (Sclavo's Cycad)
Status: Critically Endangered
57. Encephalartos senticosus (Jozini Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
58. Encephalartos septentrionalis (Nile Cycad)
Status: Near Threatened
59. Encephalartos tegulaneus
Status: Least Concern
60. Encephalartos transvenosus (Modjadji Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
61. Encephalartos trispinosus (Bushman's River Cycad)
Status: Vulnerable
62. Encephalartos turneri (Turner's Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
63. Encephalartos umbeluziensis (Umbeluzi Cycad)
Status: Endangered
64. Encephalartos villosus (Poor Man's Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
65. Encephalartos whitelockii
Status: Critically Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)
66. Encephalartos woodii (Wood's Cycad)
Status: Extinct in the Wild
E. Macrozamia
1. Macrozamia cardiacensis
Status: Vulnerable
2. Macrozamia communis
Status: Least Concern
3. Macrozamia concinna (Nundle Cycad)
Status: Least Concern
4. Macrozamia conferta
Status: Vulnerable
5. Macrozamia cranei
Status: Endangered
6. Macrozamia crassifolia
Status: Vulnerable
7. Macrozamia diplomera
Status: Least Concern
8. Macrozamia douglasii
Status: Least Concern
9. Macrozamia dyeri
Status: Least Concern
10. Macrozamia elegans
Status: Endangered
11. Macrozamia fawcettii
Status: Near Threatened
12. Macrozamia fearnsidei
Status: Least Concern
13. Macrozamia flexuosa
Status: Endangered
14. Macrozamia fraseri
Status: Least Concern
15. Macrozamia glaucophylla
Status: Least Concern
16. Macrozamia heteromera
Status: Least Concern
17. Macrozamia humilis
Status: Vulnerable
18. Macrozamia johnsonii
Status: Least Concern
19. Macrozamia lomandroides
Status: Endangered
20. Macrozamia longispina
Status: Near Threatened
21. Macrozamia lucida
Status: Least Concern
22. Macrozamia macdonnellii
Status: Least Concern
23. Macrozamia machinii
Status: Vulnerable
24. Macrozamia macleayi
Status: Least Concern
25. Macrozamia miquelii
Status: Least Concern
26. Macrozamia montana
Status: Least Concern
27. Macrozamia moorei
Status: Near Threatened
28. Macrozamia mountperriensis
Status: Least Concern
29. Macrozamia occidua
Status: Vulnerable
30. Macrozamia parcifolia
Status: Vulnerable
31. Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi
Status: Endangered
32. Macrozamia platyrhachis
Status: Vulnerable
33. Macrozamia plurinervia
Status: Endangered
34. Macrozamia polymorpha
Status: Least Concern
35. Macrozamia reducta
Status: Least Concern
36. Macrozamia riedlei
Status: Least Concern
37. Macrozamia secunda
Status: Vulnerable
38. Macrozamia serpentina
Status: Near Threatened
39. Macrozamia spiralis
Status: Endangered
40. Macrozamia stenomera
Status: Near Threatened
41. Macrozamia viridis
Status: Endangered
F. Lepidozamia
1. Lepidozamia hopei
Status: Least Concern
2. Lepidozamia peroffskyana
Status: Least Concern
G. Ceratozamia
1. Ceratozamia alvarezii
Status: Endangered
2. Ceratozamia becerrae
Status: Endangered
3. Ceratozamia euryphyllidia
Status: Critically Endangered
4. Ceratozamia fuscoviridis
Status: Critically Endangered
5. Ceratozamia hildae (Bamboo Cycad)
Status: Endangered
6. Ceratozamia huastecorum
Status: Critically Endangered
7. Ceratozamia kuesteriana
Status: Critically Endangered
8. Ceratozamia latifolia
Status: Endangered
9. Ceratozamia matudai
Status: Endangered
10. Ceratozamia mexicana
Status: Vulnerable
11. Ceratozamia microstrobila
Status: Vulnerable
12. Ceratozamia miqueliana
Status: Critically Endangered
13. Ceratozamia mirandae
Status: Endangered
14. Ceratozamia mixeorum
Status: Endangered
15. Ceratozamia morettii
Status: Endangered
16. Ceratozamia norstogii
Status: Endangered
17. Ceratozamia robusta (Costilla De León)
Status: Endangered
18. Ceratozamia sabatoi
Status: Endangered
19. Ceratozamia vovidesii
Status: Vulnerable
20. Ceratozamia whitelockiana
Status: Endangered
21. Ceratozamia zaragozae
Status: Critically Endangered
22. Ceratozamia zoquorum
Status: Critically Endangered
H. Microcycas
1. Microcycas calocoma
Status: Critically Endangered
I. Chigua
1. Chigua bernalli
2. Chigua restrepoi
J. Zamia
1. .............................